Indigenous Peoples within Canada is a seminal text in the field of Indigenous history in Canada. It spans the full history of Indigenous Peoples, beginning with origin stories and the pre-contact era and then tracing the development of Indigenous-European relations from contact to the present day. The final chapters include updated content on contemporary events such as Wet'suwet'en activism at Wa Dzun Kwuh and Pope Francis' recent apology for residential school abuses. Indigenous perspectives are centred throughout, with Indigenous interpretations of historical events and Indigenous contributions to the history of what is now Canada foregrounded. Indigenous voices are further amplified through the use of autonyms, profiles of Indigenous leaders, art by Indigenous artists, and an expanded transborder perspective that reflects Indigenous views of the land that is now North America. The clear, accessible writing style and many pedagogical features, including an autonym chart and timelines and maps in every chapter, aid student comprehension throughout the text.

Maps Acknowledgements Introduction Autonym Chart 1 Origin Stories Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Introduction Oral History and Origin Stories - The East: The Mi'kmaq of Listuguj - The South: The Komaawiigoo Odaawaak - The West: Haida - The North: The Inuit of Sikusiilaq Turtle Island and the Journey towards the Setting Sun Origin Story and Ethnohistory Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 2 At the Beginning Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Migrations, Movements, and Settlement Early Technology Cultural Adaptations and Resource Management Farming-The Three Sisters and Hundreds of Other Plants - Animal Resources Cultural Adaptations and Geography Social Organization - Egalitarian and Hierarchical Societies Trade and Alliance - Trade and Gift Diplomacy: An Important Part of Interactions - Allies and a Great League of Peace: Great Lakes Region, Huronia, and People of the Longhouse - Hostilities Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 3 The Invasions of the Americas Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes What Are First Contacts? How the European Gaze Became Colonialism Colonialism and Just War Theory The Myth that The Earth is Flat Christopher Columbus Was Bad at Math What Happened When Columbus Returned? How Did American Colonization Impact Europe? First Discussion of International Human Rights The Valladolid Debates Colonialism is Discussed in England The State of Nature and the Myth of the Wilderness The French Envision Colonialism Inuit Encounters Subarctic Meetings - Different Perspectives The "Fish" - by Any Definition - Brought Europeans to the North Atlantic Coast, and Contact Turned into Conflict - The Beothuk Experience-Resistance and Genocide - Fur, Felt, and Spread of Disease? Indigenous and European Ethos: Differences That Would Lead to Misunderstanding Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 4 On the Eastern Edge of the Mainland Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes First Contacts Stadakhona The Innu and the Fur Trade - The Innu Control of the Early Trade - Friction between Trading Partners - The Trade Shifts Westward Who "Owns" the Land, and What Does Ownership Involve? Benefit and Cost of the English-French Rivalry People of the Sunrise - The Wabanaki Fight for Their Land - The Wabanaki Refuse to Be Pawns in a European Game - The Wabanaki Suffer in Their Allies' Defeat Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 5 The Wendat Confederacy, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the European Colonizers Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes The Wendats Choose a French Alliance The Fur Trade and Global Commerce The Wendat Conflict with the Haudenosaunee - Trade Amid Missionaries: The Wendat Navigate Two Worlds - Disease and Destabilization? The Kanien'keha:ka and Onondowaga Succeed in Scattering the Wendat Wendake's Loss Is the Bay's Gain - English Trade Brings Changes, but Culture Remains Intact - The First Treaties Formalized Trade Alliances - Adaptation of Cultures Indigenous Imperatives to Trade - National Territories Shift as the French Push beyond the Pays d'en Haut Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 6 The Struggle for Sovereignty in Eastern North America Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Alliances and Warfare Haudenosaunee War with the French and Their Allies (1609-1701) - Haudenosaunee Unity, Patched-Up Peace - The Guerrilla Tactics of the Kanien'keha:ka - French Invasion in the West War in Haudenosaunee Territory -The Haudenosaunee Claim the Balance of Power, but Disease and Dissension Follow The Mesquakie War (1710-38) - Kiala Works for Indigenous Unity, and the French Retaliate The Mi'kmaq Defend Their Land (1713-61) - The Mi'kmaq Declare War - The Mi'kmaq, Wuastukwiuk, and Wabanaki See Their Allies Lose Ground Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 7 The Struggle against British Colonialism Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes War and Peace The Seven Years' War Defeated by Peace - Obwandiyag (Pontiac) - The British Response - Amherst's Brutal Reaction - The Kanien'keha:ka: Forced to Choose between the British and the Americans - The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign Proclamations and Treaties - The English Approach to Treaties - Posts and Jay's Treaty From "Peace and Friendship" to Land Transfers - The Continuing Process of Land Cessions Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 8 Westward and Northward Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes On the Great Plains - Horses, Firearms, and Disease: Shifts in Power Balances - The Siksika and Piikani Leaders Resist Efforts to Disrupt Trade Patterns - Expansion, Prosperity, and War In the Far Northwest - The Europeans Push Further West, into the Plateau - Sea Otters and China Clippers - Times of Change-and Conflict-on the West Coast - Indigenous Interest in Trade - New Trade Networks Replace the Old, and Societies Are Disrupted Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 9 Indigenous Alliances and Resistance to Settler Expansion in the Western Great Lakes Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Disruptions from the Peace of Paris Claims to Right of Conquest The First Nations Defend the Canadas Tecumseh Others who Supported the Pan-Indigenous Cause Gains and Losses The End of Tecumseh's Movement Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 10 The "Indian Problem": Isolation, Assimilation, Exploitation, and Experimentation Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Western Indigenous People Face the Pressures of Settlement Assimilating the "Vanishing Indians" Model Villages Would Immerse Indigenous Peoples in Euro-Canadian Culture Removal and Isolation More Than Land Lost to Colonial Interests Indian Administrations - Arctic and Subarctic People Contend with Missionaries, Whalers, and Fur Traders - The Mi'kmaq Continue the Fight for Their Land - Ominous Signs on the Prairies - Gunboat Diplomacy on the West Coast Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 11 Towards Confederation for Canada, Towards Wardship for Indigenous Peoples Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes "White Man's Burden" or Indigenous Burden? Who Is an "Indian"? More Land Surrenders amid Assertion of Resource Rights Wards of the State - An Act for the Gradual Enfranchisement of the Indians - Marrying Out The West Coast and the "Tsilhqot'in War" The Métis Strive to Build a Nation Confederation Brings Centralization-and Western Isolation Red River Takes a Stand Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 12 The First Numbered Treaties, Police, and the Indian Act Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes The Varied Meanings of "Treaty" Treaties One, Two, and Three: Ontario and Manitoba Lands The Liquor Trade Clearing the Way for European Settlement-Treaties Six and Seven Assimilation through Legislation: The 1876 Indian Act An Upward Spiral of Regulation - The Indian "Advancement" Act - The Franchise Bill Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 13 Time of Troubles Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Now That the Bison Are Gone The Trials of the Métis Continue - Gabriel Dumont and the St Laurent Council - Growing Unrest This Is Our Life, This Is Our Land Armed Resistance in the West Immediate Consequences After the Conflict Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 14 Repression, Control, and Resistance Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes More Consequences for the Nehiyaw ... ... and for the Métis The Growing Power of the Department of Indian Affairs Assimilation through Education - Eastern Schools-"Little or No Good" - Industrial Schools in Western Canada The Right to Choose a Chief The Battle over Reserved Lands - Commissions and the Allied Tribes of British Columbia - The First World War and New Pressures on Land Indigenous People and Canadian Health Care - The Spanish Influenza Pandemic - Tuberculosis and Indian Hospitals - The Inuit, TB, and the Culling of Sled Dogs Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 15 Tightening the Reins: Resistance Grows and Organizes Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Assimilate "Them" and They Cease to Exist? Return From War Leads to Organized Action The Indian Act Revision of 1951 - The Sixties Scoop The Hawthorn Report The 1969 White Paper and the Red Paper Changing Views of Indigenous Education Growing Indigenous Educational Control The Haudenosaunee Struggle for Autonomy Alberta Métis Indigenous Women Fight for Amended Indian Act Indigenous Women Organize Nationally Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 16 Development Heads North Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Trade and Self-Sufficiency Southerners Come to the North to Stay Two Views of Inuit/Newcomer Contacts Northerners Seek Treaty - Treaty Eight (1899) - Treaties Nine, Ten (1905-6), and Eleven (1921) Changing Views on Jurisdiction - New Strategic Significance for Relocation Nunavut ("Our Land") Is Born Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 17 Canadian Courts and Aboriginal Rights Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Treaty Three and the St Catherine's Milling Decision Hunting, Fishing, Resource, and Land Claims Turning Points and Setbacks The Courts Recognize Métis Rights Indigenous Peoples within the Canadian Criminal Justice System - Starlight Tours: Racism in Policing the Plains - Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls - Colten Bouchie and Tina Fontaine: The Canadian Court System and Indigenous Victims Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 18 The Road to Self-Government Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes The Ongoing Government-Indigenous Relationship The Push for Resources Underscores the Need for Self-Government - Mercury Poisoning at Grassy Narrows and Whitedog Reserves - Hydroelectric Development in Quebec - Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry On the Political Front Northern Self-Government Getting Out of the Way of Self-Determination BC's First Land Claims Agreement: The Nisga'a Treaty The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - The RCAP Report Concerns, Hopes, and Fears Self-Government in Any Context? United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples The Children Are Our Future - Application of Jordan's Principle - Involuntary Sterilization Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources 19 From Oka to Wa Dzun Kwuh: Reconciliation, Revitalization, and Resurgence Chapter Outline Learning Outcomes Nearly Three Centuries of Confrontation at Oka The Ipperwash Crisis Delgamuukw and Oral History Caledonia Land Claims The Wet'suwet'en and the Coastal GasLink Pipeline Wet'suwet'en and Haudenosaunee Challenges to Governance under the Indian Act Truth and Reconciliation Economic Development and Revitalization Idle No More Increased Sharing of Indigenous Knowledge Summary Questions to Consider Recommended Resources Epilogue Glossary Index